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Pirkei Avot
Pirkei Avot ((ヘブライ語:פרקי אבות)) (also ''Pirkei Avoth'' or ''Pirkei Avos''), which translates to English as Chapters of the Fathers, is a compilation of the ethical teachings and maxims of the Rabbis of the Mishnaic period. It is part of didactic Jewish ethical Musar literature. Because of its contents, it is also called Ethics of the Fathers. The teachings of Pirkei Avot appear in the Mishnaic tractate of ''Avot'', the second-to-last tractate in the order of Nezikin in the Mishnah. Pirkei Avot is unique in that it is the only tractate of the Mishnah dealing ''solely'' with ethical and moral principles; there is little or no halacha (laws) found in Pirkei Avot.
==Translation of the title==
In the Mishnaic sense, the word ''avot'', meaning "fathers", refers to fundamentals, or principal categories. Thus, the principal categories of creative work forbidden on ''Shabbat'' are called ''avot melacha'', and the principal categories of ritual impurity are referred to as ''avot tum'ah''. ''Perakim'', or in the conjunctive form ''pirkei'', means "chapters". Thus ''Pirkei Avot'' means "Chapters of Fundamental Principles".〔(Rabbi Julian Sinclair in ''The Jewish Chronicle'' )〕〔(Howard Witkin on Aish HaTorah's Aish.com )〕
The recognition of ethical maxims as 'Fundamental Principles' may derive from the high regard in which the Torah, Mishnah, and Talmud hold such wisdom. "Love your neighbor as yourself," states the Bible (), an injunction that Akiva ben Joseph in Genesis Rabbah 24:7 famously calls a "great principle" of the Torah. In Shabbos 31a, Hillel says "That which is hateful to you, do not do to your fellow: This is the entire Torah, the rest is the explanation, go now and learn it." The attribution of Biblical Wisdom books to King Solomon (e.g., Ecclesiastes, Proverbs, Book of Wisdom) attests also to the central importance that Jews of this period placed on transmitting the ethical way of life.
Because of the more common usage of ''avot'' as meaning "fathers", ''Pirkei Avot'' is often rendered in English as "Chapters of the Fathers", or even more loosely, "Ethics of the Fathers". While this translation engenders an appealing and not entirely mistaken image of "patriarchal teachings", this is probably not the primary intention of the work's title. The term 'avot' is not usually used as an honorary designation for 'rabbis' or 'sages'; in rabbinical usage, it refers to the Patriarchs of the Bible. However, the possibility that the wording of the title was designed to support multiple renderings cannot be ruled out.
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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